∑math20

Operator algebras · Result 287

Isomorphism of the free group factors

1 paperLeanreasoning

Resolves the free group factor isomorphism problem: \(L(\mathbb F_2)\cong L(\mathbb F_3)\), and hence all interpolated free group factors, including \(L(\mathbb F_\infty)\), are isomorphic. Their common factor has fundamental group \(\mathbb R_{\gt 0}\).

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▶Introduction: the problem and why it mattersin preparation
▶The presented solutionin preparation

Papers 1

First page of An isomorphism of the free group factors

An isomorphism of the free group factors

OpenAI · September 23, 2026

We solve the free group factor isomorphism problem affirmatively by proving that \(L(\mathbb F_2)\) and \(L(\mathbb F_3)\) are isomorphic as tracial von Neumann algebras. The classical free group factor alternative then implies that all interpolated free group factors, including \(L(\mathbb F_\infty)\), are isomorphic and have fundamental group \(\mathbb R_{\gt 0}\).

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@misc{OAI:An-isomorphism-of-the-free-group-factors-September-23-2026,
  author = {{OpenAI}},
  title = {{An isomorphism of the free group factors}},
  howpublished = {OpenAI Math Release preprint
                  \href{https://github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/An-isomorphism-of-the-free-group-factors-September-23-2026/An-isomorphism-of-the-free-group-factors-September-23-2026.pdf}{OAI:An-isomorphism-of-the-free-group-factors-September-23-2026}},
  year = {2026}
}

What was formalized in Lean

The following describes the scope of the Lean formalization related to the following accompanying paper(s):

Scope

The free group factor problem asks whether the von Neumann algebras of free groups of different ranks are isomorphic. The formalization proves that interpolated free group factors with any parameters \(r,s>1\), including the infinite parameter, are normally trace-preservingly isomorphic. The paper's fundamental-group conclusion is a further consequence rather than a separate selected statement here.

Comparator links

ResultComparator statement
Isomorphism of all interpolated free group factorsInterpolatedFactors.lean

Scope note on GitHub →

Reasoning summary

OpenAI released an abridged summary of the model's reasoning for this result: Isomorphism of free group factors (PDF).